Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous needles or sharp objects, and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), which can occur during the birth process or during breastfeeding. HIV disease is caused by retroviruses leading to an infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2 or both. Before testing, clients are counseled and reassured about confidentiality and the need for referral for treatment/management when tests results come out positive.